Which of the following describes cognitive distortions most accurately?

• A. They are always intentional.
• B. They reflect a flexible interpretation of reality.
• C. They are rigid, absolutized, dichotomized, and/or negativistic patterns that distort information.
• D. They are purely physiological reactions.

Answer: (C)

Cognitive distortions are rigid, absolutized, dichotomized, and often negativistic patterns in thinking that distort information rather than reflect reality. In CBT, these distortions are seen as automatic ways of interpreting events that emphasize the negative, overlook nuance, and skew our perception of what is happening. They aren’t deliberate tricks people use; they arise automatically and can shape how you feel and behave even when the situation doesn’t warrant such extreme conclusions.

This description fits best because it captures the core features: the inflexible, black-and-white style of thinking; the tendency to magnify negatives while minimizing positives; and the way these patterns warp reality. They’re not simply about biology or physiology, and they aren’t intentional maneuvers to mislead—rather, they are habitual cognitive processes that can be challenged and changed through reflection and evidence-based strategies. Recognizing that these patterns are distortions opens the door to testing beliefs, considering alternative explanations, and cultivating more balanced interpretations.